This past Thursday night, August 21st, in Los Angeles, I attended the screening of Shadow's Edge , Jackie Chan’s latest film, which opens in theaters today. I went with a group of friends—martial artists, experts, and film and stunt veterans. To give you a hint of who they were, let’s just say they were the "Best of the Best," in other words, a tough crowd to please. I won’t bury the lead: we loved it. Here’s why. Shadow's Edge Movie Review for Black Belt  Magazine First, a confession. I haven’t seen many of Jackie’s recent films, including Karate Kid: Legends . That’s mostly because I prefer Jackie in his classic role as a martial artist, playing to his strengths as a fighting hero and showcasing the creative genius behind those creative, funny, and brilliantly choreographed fight scenes we have all grown to love. Shadow's Edge  made the wait worthwhile. This isn’t your typical Jackie Chan action flick filled with slapstick and playful stunts you might casually stream at home. No...this is a film that demands your full attention. It’s the kind of movie that should get you off the couch, off your streaming device, and into a theater with a friend or a date who loves big action as much as you do. This is a film for fans of action, martial arts, and, of course, Jackie Chan. But Shadow's Edge  adds two new layers to Jackie’s legacy: humility and generosity. At a time in his career when he can choose any project, backed by the powerhouse of Chinese cinema, he decided to produce and star in an ensemble action film that introduces a new generation of martial arts stars. What struck me most was how generously he shared screen time—and fight scenes—with this young, talented crew of criminals, all led by their senior-citizen boss, a man so unhinged he’ll leave you genuinely afraid. "Wolf King," Fu Longsheng Here’s the plotline: a crew of criminal prodigies vanishes with billions, evading capture by outsmarting the formidable "Sky Eye" surveillance system. Desperate, the Macau police enlist the help of Wong Tak-Chung (Jackie Chan), a retired tracking expert. He mentors rookie officer He Qiuguo (Zhang Zifeng) and rebuilds an elite surveillance unit to hunt down the elusive "Wolf King," Fu Longsheng (Tony Leung Ka Fai), mastermind of the heist. As the police close in, the thieves set a trap of their own. Brains clash, loyalties fracture, and an ultimate cat-and-mouse game begins. Chan relies on instinct, experience, and old-school surveillance techniques to track this crew. His unlikely partnership with Qiuguo—a Gen Z rookie—creates some of the film’s most genuine moments. The generational clash between the boomer mentor and his young recruit feels authentic, yet Jackie breaks through, and the two evolve into true partners in a surprising twist. The fight scenes are a revelation. Gone is the lighthearted comedy of Jackie’s past. Instead, we get younger cast members delivering high-flying acrobatics while Jackie grounds the action with a believable, gritty street-fighting style. One standout isn’t even an actor but a weapon: the villain’s old-school switchblade. Fu Longsheng’s fighting style—equal parts prison shank techniques and sheer brutality—makes every encounter unforgettable. The choreography pays homage to one against the mob in The Raid  and even hints at the intricate plotting of The Usual Suspects . Each fight feels dangerous—whether it’s veteran versus veteran, young star versus old master, or young against young. Every scene carries intensity, brutality, and genuine risk, leaving the audience gasping. To say I enjoyed the film would be an understatement. In fact, I found myself cheering and clapping—alongside a theater packed with martial artists and stars of martial arts films who clearly felt the same. Shadow's Edge  opens August 22, 2025. You can find showtimes and tickets at major chains in both the U.S. and international markets. Get tickets!

The February 1982 cover of Karate Illustrated showcased the stellar Karen Sheperd on its cover. Long before women were expected to headline in martial arts, she stepped up, claimed the top spot in forms, and proved she could stand toe-to-toe with anyone. From tournament floors to movie screens, her legacy still hits hard today! Learn more about this cover and the entire magazine preserved in digital format: https://www.blackbeltmag.com

The December 1972 cover of Black Belt featured the legendary Eric Lee . Remember the “Little King of Kata”? Lee was one of the first to showcase the creative side of musical forms, built a legendary name for himself, and at 79, he’s still going strong! Learn more about this cover and the entire magazine preserved in digital format: https://www.blackbeltmag.com

The July 1976 cover of Karate Illustrated featured Master AlGene Caraulia — devoted martial artist, champion, and promoter. Caraulia trained under Kajukenbo founder Adriano Emperado , Tony Ramos , and judo instructor Gene Wyka . In 1963, he won the inaugural World Karate Championship. By 1970, he brought his art to Cleveland, Ohio, founding the Karate Institute, later known as the Karate Institute of America. A member of the United States Karate Association, he earned a 4th-degree black belt and joined its elite Trias International group. Learn more about this cover and the entire magazine preserved in digital format: https://www.blackbeltmag.com

ABDOUL ABDOURAGUIMOV TO FACE KEVIN JOUSSET IN PFL EUROPE NANTES MAIN EVENT AT THE ZENITH NANTES METROPOLE ON 26 SEPT Abdoul “Lazy King” Abdouraguimov returns to action in the main event against French compatriot Kevin “Air” Jousset for PFL Europe Nantes at the Zenith Nantes Metropole Bordeaux’s Kevin Jousset will make his PFL debut on Friday 26 September and will look to stop Abdouraguimov from making it ten-straight wins in an elite match-up between two French MMA fighters Tickets for PFL Europe Nantes are on-sale now via pfl.info/nantes The Professional Fighters League (PFL) today announced Abdoul “Lazy King” Abdouraguimov (19-1) will go up against Kevin “Air” Jousset (10-4) in an all-French Welterweight main event showcase bout at PFL Europe Nantes on Friday 26 September at the Zenith Nantes Metropole, with tickets on-sale now via pfl.info/nantes . Jousset is a 2nd Dan Judo Black Belt and a former two-division champion in Hex Fight Series, lauded for his elite grappling prowess and accomplishments which will prove to give Abdouraguimov one of the biggest challenges in his MMA career to date. “Air” has trained around the world, including City Kickboxing in Auckland under the guidance of acclaimed coach Eugene Bareman, helping build out the judoka’s MMA game who will look to make a statement in Nantes’ first ever major MMA show. Abdouraguimov is currently riding a nine-fight winning streak, and will look to hit double-digits when he performs in his home city of Nantes for the first time ever. Beloved for his wild and enigmatic personality, “Lazy King” sets out to entertain the masses every time he steps onto the canvas. His high-level grappling will be put to the test against the calibre of Jousset’s accolades, but with seven stoppages in his last nine victories, he promises to put on a show in Nantes like never seen before.  Nantes will also be the home of PFL Europe’s semi-final Bantamweight and Lightweight fights of 2025, which will see the continent’s top athletes look to secure their spot in the final in hopes of earning the coveted PFL Europe Championship and a cash prize of $100,000 in Lyon this December. “PFL is coming home! After 21 professional fights, I can finally fight in front of my home crowd, where I grew up and learned this sport. And now, it's at the Zénith Nantes Métropole that I'm going to do the next Lazy show. Grab a seat, some popcorn, and be good, but not too much, because I'm here to entertain you on September 26th, let's go!”. Said Abdoul Abdouraguimov . “Nantes. His backyard. My moment. On September 26th, I silence the crowd and win big in my PFL debut.” Said Kevin Jousset .   Updated PFL Europe Nantes Card Friday 26 Sept - The Zenith Nantes Metropole, Nantes, France Welterweight Main Event: Abdoul Abdouraguimov (19-1) vs. Kevin Jousset (10-4) PFL Europe Bantamweight Semi-Finals Bout: Mahio Campanella (8-1) vs. Gustavo Oliveira (11-2) PFL Europe Lightweight Semi-Finals Bout: Connor Hughes (11-2) vs. Gino van Steenis (6-1) PFL Europe Bantamweight Semi-Finals Bout: Dean Garnett (13-3-1) vs. Jan Ciepłowski (9-0) PFL Europe Lightweight Semi-Finals Bout: Claudio Pacella (6-2) vs. Aleksandr Chizov (11-3)

Archie Colgan Puts Undefeated Record on the Line Against New Zealand’s Jay-Jay Wilson 2024 PFL Europe Bantamweight Champion Lewis McGrillen Faces Ireland’s Caolan Loughran in PFL Debut Former Bellator Bantamweight World Champion Sergio Pettis Set to Fight Bellator Title Challenger Magomed Magomedov The Professional Fighters League (PFL) today announced three new bouts that complete the main card of PFL Champions Series: Road to Dubai - The Rematch on Friday, October 3, live from Coca-Cola Arena in Dubai. Tickets for the event are on-sale now via this link .  At Lightweight, undefeated Archie Colgan (12-0) will face Jay-Jay Wilson (11-1) in a fight that will have serious future title implications at 155-pounds. The 2024 PFL Europe Bantamweight Champion Lewis McGrillen (12-1) will be in action against a PFL debutant, when Ireland’s Caolan Loughran (10-2) enters the SmartCage for the first time in his career. The first bout of the evening will feature Russia’s Magomed Magomedov (21-4) against former Bellator Bantamweight World Champion Sergio Pettis (24-7), in another bout that will directly affect the future championship landscape. These three newly announced bouts round out a stacked main card headlined by a championship double-header. In the main event, Dagestan’s undefeated Usman Nurmagomedov (19-0, 1 NC) faces Ireland’s Paul Hughes (14-2) in the biggest rematch in PFL history for the Lightweight World Title. The co-main event sees former Bellator Light Heavyweight Champion Corey Anderson (19-6) take on 2024 PFL Light Heavyweight Champion Dovlet Yagshimuradov (25-7-1) with the PFL Light Heavyweight World Title on the line. This event further cements Dubai’s evolving role as a global MMA hub. It’s made possible through PFL’s multi-year partnership with the Dubai Sports Council and the Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism. Since its official launch in November 2024, the “Road to Dubai” campaign has brought a series of PFL global MMA events to the UAE, positioning the region as a centerpiece for elite combat sports. While the Road to Dubai Finale is scheduled for January, this October event is an additional showcase, designed to build momentum and further engage fans ahead of the finale. Archie Colgan (12-0) vs. Jay-Jay Wilson (11-1) - Lightweight Main Card Bout Undefeated standout Archie “King” Colgan brings elite Division I wrestling pedigree, Wyoming’s first-ever champion at 157 pounds, into a spotless record highlighted by wins over Mansour Barnaoui, Emmanuel Sanchez, Thibault Gouti, and Manoel Sousa. Across the cage, New Zealand’s Jay-Jay “The Maori Kid” Wilson, a BJJ black belt with a 9-1 record in Bellator, is fresh off an emphatic finish of Mads Burnell in April. With both men closing in on Lightweight gold, this clash promises high stakes and high drama. Lewis McGrillen (12-1) vs. Caolan Loughran (10-2) - Bantamweight Main Card Bout Lewis “The McGrizzla” McGrillen arrives in Dubai on October 3 riding a scorching streak, three consecutive highlight-reel finishes, a 2024 “Fight of the Year” thriller against Dean Garnett, and the PFL Europe Bantamweight Championship around his waist. With 10 of his 11 victories coming by finish, his knockout power is a difference maker. Opposite him, Caolan “The Don” Loughran enters his PFL debut fresh off a UFC win. The former Cage Warriors bantamweight champion is renowned for his relentless pace, forward pressure, and durability, setting the stage for a clash of European talent. Magomed Magomedov (21-4) vs. Sergio Pettis (24-7) - Bantamweight Main Card Bout Russia’s Magomed Magomedov, the first man to defeat former UFC champion Petr Yan, arrives in Dubai as a former ACB bantamweight titleholder with a résumé built on precision grappling and elite finishes. He has guillotined top contenders like Enrique Barzola and Danny Sabatello, pushed Patchy Mix the full five rounds for Bellator gold, and most recently earned a 2025 PFL victory over Sarvarjon Khamidov. Across from him stands former Bellator Bantamweight World Champion Sergio Pettis, who delivered the 2021 “Knockout of the Year” with a spinning-backfist finish of Kyoji Horiguchi before defending his crown in a masterclass against Patricio “Pitbull” Freire. This matchup has all the makings of a high-level chess match and will likely determine the path for the PFL Bantamweight World Title.     PFL Champions Series: Road to Dubai - The Rematch Main Card Friday, Oct. 3 PFL Lightweight World Title Main Event: Usman Nurmagomedov (19-0, 1 NC) vs. Paul Hughes (14-2) PFL Light Heavyweight World Title Co-Main Event: Corey Anderson (19-6) vs. Dovlet Yagshimuradov (25-7-1)  Lightweight Main Card Bout: Archie Colgan (12-0) vs. Jay-Jay Wilson (11-1) Bantamweight Main Card Bout: Lewis McGrillen (12-1) vs. Caolan Loughran (10-2) Bantamweight Main Card Bout: Magomed Magomedov (21-4) vs. Sergio Pettis (24-7) Early Card Heavyweight Showcase Bout: Pouya Rahmani (4-0) vs. Slim Trabelsi (8-0) 165-Pound Catchweight Bout: Zubaira Tukhugov (20-6-1) vs. Artem Lobov (14-15-1) Welterweight Showcase Bout: Omar El Dafrawy (14-5) vs. Florim Zendeli (10-1-1)

TWO WORLD TITLE FIGHTS HEADLINE PFL’S RETURN TO DUBAI ON OCT. 3 USMAN NURMAGOMEDOV VS. PAUL HUGHES FOR THE PFL LIGHTWEIGHT WORLD TITLE COREY ANDERSON VS. DOVLET YAGSHIMURADOV FOR PFL LIGHT HEAVYWEIGHT WORLD TITLE PFL CHAMPIONS SERIES: ROAD TO DUBAI - THE REMATCH TAKES PLACE FRIDAY, OCT. 3 AT COCA-COLA ARENA IN DUBAI The Professional Fighters League (PFL) today announced a massive championship double-header for its return to the UAE, as two PFL World Title bouts will headline PFL Champions Series: Road to Dubai - The Rematch on Friday, October 3, live from Coca-Cola Arena. The biggest rematch in PFL history takes center stage in Dubai, as Dagestan’s undefeated Usman Nurmagomedov (19‑0, 1 NC) and Ireland’s Paul Hughes (14‑2) battle for the PFL Lightweight World Title in the main event. In the co-main event, former Bellator Light Heavyweight Champion Corey Anderson (19-6) will face 2024 PFL Light Heavyweight Tournament Champion Dovlet Yagshimuradov (25-7-1) for the PFL Light Heavyweight World Title.  In addition, three early card bouts have been confirmed, including a Heavyweight clash between former Iranian National Team wrestler Pouya Rahmani (4-0) and former Tunisian Olympic wrestler Slim Trabelsi (8-0), with both fighters looking to preserve their undefeated records. A grudge match nearly seven years in the making is officially set, as Zubaira Tukhugov (20-6-1) finally faces Artem Lobov (14-15-1) in Dubai. Originally booked to fight in 2018, the matchup was scrapped following the UFC 229 post-fight brawl and subsequent suspensions. On October 3, the two will finally settle their score inside the PFL SmartCage. 2024 PFL MENA Welterweight Champion Omar El Dafrawy (14-5) of Egypt will fight 2024 PFL Europe Welterweight Champion Florim Zendeli (10-1-1) of Albania in a battle of two PFL Regional Tournament winners who are both in the midst of multi-fight unbeaten streaks. Additional main card and early card bouts will be announced shortly. Fans can register now for the pre-sale to exclusively buy tickets on Thursday, 14 August at 4:00 pm GST via this link . The pre-sale will be available for registered fans before the general sale on Friday, 15 August at 12:00 pm GST via www.coca-cola-arena.com . This event further cements Dubai’s evolving role as a global MMA hub. It’s made possible through PFL’s multi-year partnership with the Dubai Sports Council and the Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism. Since its official launch in November 2024, the “Road to Dubai” campaign has brought a series of PFL global MMA events to the UAE, positioning the region as a centerpiece for elite combat sports. While the Road to Dubai Finale is scheduled for January, this October event is an additional showcase, designed to build momentum and further engage fans ahead of the finale.  “PFL Champions Series on October 3 in Dubai will be one of the biggest nights in PFL history,” said PFL CEO John Martin . “To have two PFL World Titles on the line, featuring four world-class athletes at the top of their game, shows exactly what makes the PFL different. This is more than just a fight card, it’s a global showcase of elite talent, compelling narratives, and the power of our international platform. Dubai is quickly becoming one of the sport’s true capitals, and there’s no better setting for a night of championship-level drama and the biggest rematch in PFL history.”

James Mitose , a Japanese American martial artist, is credited with bringing the art of kenpo  to the United States in 1936. Brilliant but controversial, he left an incredible mark on the art’s development in America. Taken from the June 1980 Black Belt Magazine archive His legacy was marred by a criminal conviction — one his family continued to dispute. In 1974, he was found guilty of murder and extortion, sentenced to life in prison, and died there in 1981 from complications related to diabetes. During his time in prison he was visited by kenpo master Bruce Juchnik who chronicled his teachings. Mitose's son Thomas Barrow Mitose said in a 1992 interview with Black Belt, that his father got a "bum deal from the American legal system and from some of his disciples." Want the full story? Check out our digital archive and read it in the November 1992 issue, featuring Thomas Barrow Mitose on the cover!

The January 2001 cover of Black Belt   Cover featured 17–0 professional kickboxing world champion turned MMA and movie star Cung Le . Le made his mixed martial arts debut at Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Gracie  in San Jose’s HP Pavilion, knocking out kickboxing rival Mike Altman. His explosive striking style landed him in the UFC and later helped launch him into Hollywood, where he appeared in several films—including the 2009 action drama Fighting  alongside Channing Tatum. Learn more about this cover and the entire magazine preserved in digital format: https://www.blackbeltmag.com

Front and center on this vintage cover: promoter Joe Corley  stepping into the spotlight for what was billed as The Karate Match of the Year . The stakes were high. The hype was real. And the opponent was none other than Bill “Superfoot” Wallace , a lightning-fast kicker and undefeated champion. Corley, already well-known for his role in promoting top-tier martial arts events, wasn’t just working behind the scenes this time, he was strapping on the gloves and entering the ring. Wallace, with his devastating left leg and unmatched speed, had a reputation for ending fights in spectacular fashion. The matchup promised a clash of styles, skill, and personalities, and martial arts fans across the country were buzzing. A defining moment that captured the golden era of American karate—when fighters became legends and every big match felt like martial arts history in the making. Learn more about this cover and the entire magazine preserved in digital format: https://www.blackbeltmag.com

If you’re taking medical advice from someone like me, you have more serious problems than can be addressed in a column. So it is that I never offer any advice on gaining flexibility. If you have questions about improving yours, consult a physical therapist. Unless your sensei has that kind of professional training, he has no business giving you instruction on flexibility other than to say, “This is what has worked for me.” That is what I would say. I can tell you, however, what has worked for me. Stretching: What the Research Says The conventional dojo warm-up calls for a variety of calisthenics, jumping jacks, push-ups and so on, mixed with stretching that seems to be directed at “loosening” joints, ligaments and muscles while increasing range of motion. There’s a great deal of research that seems to indicate that stretching before physical activity has limited value for either goal. Some evidence suggests that the kinds of stretches we often see in the dojo can, if performed before training, actually increase the chance of a muscular or skeletal injury. Why this would be so isn’t clear. Perhaps stretching muscles or ligaments makes them more liable to being pulled. For my own training, I confine my stretches to the floor at home, after a shower or bath. I’ve consulted physical therapists, some of them also martial artists. Their advice is fairly consistent: stretch the joint until it begins to feel “tight,” but don’t go so far as to make it hurt. Rather than “holding” the position once I've reached my maximum, I continue very slowly, and I stretch as I exhale, then pull back slightly as I inhale. This isn’t the rapid bobbing motion you often see in the dojo. It’s slow, gradual and without any force. So If I’m Not Stretching First… What Do I Do? If I want to warm up for karate practice, I practice karate. That sounds trite, but it’s the best way I know. I try to move my body the same way I would in regular training; I just do it more slowly and in an exaggerated way. Before I begin any of that, however, I bounce — the same way I would if I was skipping rope, assuming the rope was thread-thin. That’s to say, I just barely clear the ground when I bounce, my knees very slightly bent. I do this 100 times, as quickly as I can. That’s enough for me to realize how much tension I have in my shoulders. It gives me time to relax them, to feel all the joints in my body relaxing. When I repeat these rapid bounces, I go over a checklist. I often find that my lower jaw is tightly clenched, and I have to consciously relax it. My shoulders, elbows and wrists also get the stiffness taken out. Gradual Karate Movements After that, I begin to make the movements of karate, beginning with the smallest ones and working my way up to the larger ones. I form fists, curling the little fingers first and then the others and ending with a clench of my thumbs. Then I go through the range of motion of my wrists, working them as if I was grabbing and pulling. Same for the elbows — I make slow, exaggerated elbow strikes, moving them up and away as if attacking the underside of an opponent's chin. Turning, I make the same kind of big strikes as if I was hitting him on the temple. Then I do it as though I was striking the head of someone seizing me from behind. I also gradually take a wider and wider stance. I'll begin in a normal standing posture. As I proceed, I drop lower, spreading my legs. I start to focus on the larger muscles in my thighs and hips. Again, I go so slowly that if I actually struck anyone, it would be annoying rather than dangerous. I don't put any kime , or focus, into these moves. I'm merely warming up my body, making it accustomed to the motions. What Not to Do I sometimes see karateka, especially young, energetic ones, immediately start making hard, focused actions when they warm up. They seem to think the more violent the motion, the better. That certainly can be true in combat, but remember that warming up isn't fighting. We're allowing our bodies to relax and flow. Sometimes I see less-experienced karateka who confuse posing with warming up. It's understandable — karate photos often feature a sensei with his leg beautifully extended, his foot inches from his opponent's head. While this looks good, the power and value of karate lie in the movement that got that foot where it is and will take it back to a stable stance. That's why a warm-up that emphasizes movement is more beneficial than one that concentrates on the end product. Finally, notice that I haven't mentioned the presence of any push-ups or sit-ups in my routine. Those are strength-building exercises, and as such, they're beneficial. However, you'll be better off if you do them during self-training and save your valuable dojo time for martial arts.

Ready to hear the wild story behind our January 1976 Black Belt cover? Long before Instagram fighters, YouTube beefs, or TikTok callouts, one man went viral  without the internet. No algorithms. No hashtags. Just pure, unfiltered chaos. His name was John Keehan—though the world knew him as Count Dante , “The Deadliest Man Alive.” He wasn’t just claiming to be the best. He was calling karate a fraud , mocking the sport publicly, and selling himself as the only man who knew the “real” way to fight. And yes, people believed him. His roots in martial arts began in earnest with the United States Karate Association (USKA) , where John Keehan quickly established himself as a skilled and ambitious practitioner. Training with the USKA. By 1964, he had left the organization entirely, determined to forge his own path. Throughout the 1960s, Keehan continued hosting tournaments that crossed style boundaries, pairing karateka against kung fu stylists, judo black belts against taekwondo practitioners—clashes that thrilled spectators and rattled traditionalists. 1964 World Karate Tournament Keehan grew disillusioned with karate’s emphasis on ceremony and tradition over real-world effectiveness. He began developing his own “street-effective” style, which evolved into the Dan-te system —better known as the “Dance of Death.” Mastering its sequence of moves, he claimed, could make anyone a true fighting master. In 1967, he legally changed his name to Count Juan Raphael Danté, claiming Spanish noble heritage hidden after the Civil War. He boasted of winning secret “death matches” in Thailand and China, killing opponents before thousands. It was all so over the top, it should have been a joke. But it wasn’t. Soon after, he launched his infamous comic book ads, billing himself as “The Deadliest Man Alive.”  For a few dollars, readers could order his World’s Deadliest Fighting Secrets —complete with the Dance of Death—and a free Black Dragon Fighting Society  membership card. The sensational ads cemented Count Dante’s place in pop culture infamy. Send away a few bucks, and you’d get his booklet World’s Deadliest Fighting Secrets , complete with the legendary “Dance of Death” and a Black Dragon Fighting Society membership card. The Dojo Wars On April 24, 1970, the hype turned real. Keehan and his crew stormed a rival dojo, pretending to be cops before attacking. Minutes later, his best friend and fellow sensei Jim Koncevic was dead. The “Deadliest Man Alive” was suddenly front-page news for all the wrong reasons. Rumors of a $4 Million Heist Former mob lawyer Robert Cooley later claimed Keehan had a role in the 1974 Purolator vault robbery—$4.3 million gone in one of the biggest heists in U.S. history. Keehan passed a lie detector and was never charged, but the whispers never stopped. The Sudden End On May 25, 1975, Count Dante died in his sleep of a bleeding ulcer. No final showdown. No dramatic last fight. Just gone—leaving behind a trail of ads, rumors, and a fan club that had turned deadly. It sounds like an urban legend. But it’s real. Every bizarre, brutal, unbelievable piece of it. In fact we even wrote about it and gave him a cover.